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This paper considers two connected phenomena: the erecting of stone crosses in expiation for a murder and violence in churches. It argues that these have a great deal to tell us about social relations in early modern France more generally.

Stuart Carroll is Professor of Early Modern History at the University of York. He has wide interests in the history of early modern Europe, the history of violence, and social history. He is currently working on a project entitled “The Origins of Civil Society,” drawing on sources in French, German, and Italian, as well as English.

His initial research work centred on the political culture during the French Wars of Religion, and on the interface between noble followings and popular religious mentalities, and he was twice winner of the Nancy Roelker prize for the best article published in English in early modern France (2000 & 2003). More recently, he published a major evaluation of the role of feud and vendetta in early modern France: Blood and Violence in Early Modern France (2006), which led him to re-think the role of violence in history in the edited collection, Cultures of Violence: Interpersonal Violence in Historical Perspective (2007). His most recent book, Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe (2009), was awarded the J. Russell Major prize by the American Historical Association in 2011 for the best French history book of the year.